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public:it:semeconductor [2023/02/23 14:52] – [半导体行业组成:] oakfire | public:it:semeconductor [2023/02/23 16:33] (当前版本) – [半导体行业组成:] oakfire | ||
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==== 半导体行业组成: ==== | ==== 半导体行业组成: ==== | ||
* Chip Intellectual Property (IP) Cores | * Chip Intellectual Property (IP) Cores | ||
- | * {{: | + | * {{ : |
* Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Tools | * Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Tools | ||
* 该行业由三个美国供应商主导--Cadence、Mentor(现在是西门子的一部分)和Synopsys | * 该行业由三个美国供应商主导--Cadence、Mentor(现在是西门子的一部分)和Synopsys | ||
* 一个使用这些EDA工具的大型工程团队需要**2-3**年的时间来设计一个复杂的逻辑芯片 | * 一个使用这些EDA工具的大型工程团队需要**2-3**年的时间来设计一个复杂的逻辑芯片 | ||
+ | * 随着芯片变得越来越复杂,开始插入人工智能辅助工具来自动化加快芯片设计流程。 | ||
* Specialized Materials | * Specialized Materials | ||
+ | * Silicon wafers(硅晶晶圆) – and to make those they need crystal growing furnaces | ||
+ | * Over 100 Gases are used – bulk gases (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon, helium), and other exotic/ | ||
+ | * Fluids ([[wp> | ||
+ | * [[wp> | ||
+ | * Wafer handling equipment, dicing | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
* Wafer Fab Equipment (WFE) | * Wafer Fab Equipment (WFE) | ||
+ | * 五家公司主导行业:Applied Materials, KLA, LAM, Tokyo Electron and ASML | ||
+ | * 是地球上最复杂(也是最昂贵)的机器 | ||
* “Fabless” Chip Companies | * “Fabless” Chip Companies | ||
* Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs) | * Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs) | ||
+ | * 新的前沿芯片 (3nm) 流片的平均成本现在为 5 亿美元 | ||
* Chip Foundries | * Chip Foundries | ||
+ | * They design unique processes using this equipment to make the chips,But they don’t design chips | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * Fabs are short for fabrication plants – the factory that makes chips | ||
+ | * Chips are probably the most complicated products ever manufactured. | ||
* Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) | * Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) | ||
+ | ==== Fabs issue ==== | ||
+ | * 建造晶圆厂的成本飙升——现在一个芯片工厂的成本超过 100 亿美元。原因之一是制造芯片所需的设备成本飙升 | ||
+ | * 荷兰ASML公司的一台先进光刻机就耗资1.5亿美元 | ||
+ | * There are ~500+ machines in a fab (not all as expensive as ASML) | ||
+ | * 晶圆厂建筑非常复杂。制造芯片的洁净室只是一组复杂管道的冰山一角,这些管道在正确的时间和温度下将气体、电力、液体全部输送到晶圆厂设备中 | ||
+ | * 保持领先的成本高达数十亿美元,这意味着大多数公司已经退出了。2001年,有17家公司在生产最先进的芯片,今天只有两家:三星和台积电。{{ : |